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Ibn Ishaq
Muḥammad ibn Isḥāq ibn Yasār ibn Khiyār (; according to some sources, ibn Khabbār, or Kūmān, or Kūtān,〔 (アラビア語:محمد بن إسحاق بن يسار بن خيار), or simply ibn Isḥaq, ابن إسحاق, meaning "the son of Isaac"; died 767 or 761〔) was an Arab Muslim historian and hagiographer. Ibn Ishaq collected oral traditions that formed the basis of an important biography of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.
==Life==
Born in Medina about the year A.H. 85 (704 A.D), ibn Isḥaq was the grandson of a Christian man of Kufa (in southern Iraq), by the name of Yasār. Yasār had been captured in one of Khalid ibn al-Walid's campaigns, taken to Medina and became the slave of Qays ibn Makhrama ibn al-Muṭṭalib ibn ʿAbd Manāf ibn Quṣayy. Having accepted Islam, Yasār was manumitted and became his mawlā (''client''), thus acquiring the nisbat al-Muṭṭalibī. Yasār's three sons, Mūsā, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān, and Isḥāq, were all known as transmitters of akhbār, who collected and recounted tales of the past. Isḥāq married the daughter of another mawlā and from this marriage ibn Isḥāq was born.〔Gordon D. Newby, ''The Making of the Last Prophet'' (University of South Carolina 1989) at 5.〕
There are no details of Isḥāq's early life, but in view of the family nature of early akhbār and hadith transmission, it was natural that he should follow in their footsteps. He was also influenced by the work of ibn Shihab al-Zuhri, who praised the young ibn Ishaq for his knowledge of maghāzī (literally, stories of military expeditions). Around the age of 30, ibn Isḥaq arrived in Alexandria and studied under Yazīd ibn Abī Ḥabīb. After his return to Medina, based on one account, he was ordered out of Medina for relating a false hadith from a woman he did not meet (Fāṭima bint al-Mundhir, wife of Hishām ibn ʿUrwa).〔 But those who defended him, like Sufyan ibn `Uyaynah, stated that Ibn Ishaq told them that he did meet her.〔Ibn Abī Ḥātim, ''Taqdima al-maʿrifa li kitāb al-jarḥ wa al-taʿdīl'', at "Sufyān ibn ʿUyayna"〕 Also ibn Ishaq disputed with the young Malik ibn Anas, famous for the Maliki School of Fiqh. Leaving Medina (or forced to leave), he traveled eastwards towards what is now Iraq, stopping in Kufa, also al-Jazīra, and into Iran as far as Ray, before returning west. Eventually he settled in Baghdad. There, the new Abbasid dynasty, having overthrown the Umayyad caliphs, was establishing a new capital.〔Gordon D. Newby, ''The Making of the Last Prophet'' (University of South Carolina 1989) at 6-7, 12.〕
Ibn Isḥaq moved to the capital and found patrons in the new regime.〔Robinson 2003, p. 27〕 He became a tutor employed by the Abbasid caliph Al-Mansur, who commissioned him to write an all-encompassing history book starting from the creation of Adam to the present day, known as "al-Mubtadaʾ wa al-Baʿth wa al-Maghāzī" (lit. "In the Beginning, the mission (Muhammad ), and the expeditions"). It was kept in the court library of Baghdad.〔 Part of this work contains the ''Sîrah'' or biography of the Prophet, the rest was once considered a lost work, but substantial fragments of it survived.〔Gordon D. Newby, ''The Making of the Last Prophet'' (University of South Carolina 1989) at 7-9, 15-16.〕 He died in Baghdad around A.H. 150-159.
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